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Author: Peter M.K.H JAMAL

  • ESS 7.1.2 Perspectives in Natural Resources

    ESS 7.1.2 Perspectives in Natural Resources

    Learning Objectives The Dynamic Nature of Natural Capital The relative importance of different forms of natural capital varies both temporally and spatially due to multiple interrelated factors. A resource that is accessible and valuable today may become depleted or obsolete in the future. For instance, fossil fuels that currently underpin much of the global economy…

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  • ESS 6.4.3 [AHL] Further About Ozone Depletion

    ESS 6.4.3 [AHL] Further About Ozone Depletion

    Learning Objectives Ozone Reactions with CFCs and HCFCs Ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) release halogens such as chlorine and fluorine into the stratosphere, where they catalyze the breakdown of ozone molecules. The ozone layer is essential for sustaining life on Earth, as it forms a thin, protective shield over the planet through atmospheric circulation. Without this stratospheric…

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  • ESS 7.1.1 Natural Resources, capital and income

    ESS 7.1.1 Natural Resources, capital and income

    Learning Objectives Abstract This topic explores the concept of natural resources and natural capital as fundamental components of the Earth’s systems that support human life and economic activity. Natural resources serve as the raw materials and sources of energy used by society, while natural capital represents the total stock of these resources that generate goods…

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  • ESS HL.c.2 Traditional Approaches to Ethics

    ESS HL.c.2 Traditional Approaches to Ethics

    Learning objectives Three Approaches to Traditional Ethics Traditional ethical theory is generally divided into three major frameworks for ethical decision-making: 1. Virtue Ethics 2. Consequentialist Ethics 3. Rights-Based (Deontological) Ethics The “Appeal to Nature” Fallacy The appeal to nature is a logical fallacy that arises when something is deemed morally good or desirable solely because…

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  • ESS 6.4.2 Ozone Depletion

    ESS 6.4.2 Ozone Depletion

    Learning Objectives Evidence and Causes of Ozone Depletion Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODSs) Substance Type Contains Chlorine? Contains Hydrogen? Ozone-Depleting Substance (ODS)? Greenhouse Gas (GHG)? Environmental Impact / Notes CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons) – phased out ✅ Yes ❌ No ✅ Yes ✅ Yes Strongly deplete the ozone layer; highly stable in the atmosphere; banned under the Montreal Protocol.…

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  • ESS 6.4.1 The UV and Ozone

    ESS 6.4.1 The UV and Ozone

    Learning Objectives Solar Radiation The Sun emits electromagnetic (EM) radiation across a wide spectrum of wavelengths, ranging from low-frequency radio waves to high-frequency gamma rays. This electromagnetic spectrum encompasses infrared (IR) radiation, visible light, and ultraviolet (UV) radiation, each playing distinct roles within the Earth’s biosphere. Nearly all energy available at the Earth’s surface originates…

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  • ESS 6.3.3 [AHL] Responses to Climate Change

    ESS 6.3.3 [AHL] Responses to Climate Change

    Learning Objectives Responses to Climate Change Responses to climate change are coordinated by a diverse range of actors, including the United Nations, regional alliances, national governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), activist groups, the media, and other stakeholders. These responses encompass a variety of approaches, such as: Impact of the UNFCCC Geoengineering as a Climate Mitigation Strategy…

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  • ESS 6.3.2 Mitigation of Climate Change

    ESS 6.3.2 Mitigation of Climate Change

    Learning Objectives Mitigation Strategies Mitigation refers to measures aimed at reducing the severity or impact of a problem. In the context of climate change, mitigation involves two primary approaches: (1) reducing or eliminating the sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and (2) removing GHGs from the atmosphere after they have been emitted. Given that GHG…

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  • ESS 6.3.1 Global Action on Climate Change

    ESS 6.3.1 Global Action on Climate Change

    Learning Objectives Abstract To mitigate the risk of catastrophic climate change, coordinated global action is both necessary and ongoing. For over three decades, the United Nations (UN) has played a central role in urging national governments to implement measures aimed at reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly carbon dioxide. Although many nations have undertaken efforts…

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  • ESS HL.c.1 Framework of Environmental Ethics

    ESS HL.c.1 Framework of Environmental Ethics

    Learning objectives Ethics and Environmental Ethics Ethical Decision-Making in Environmental Contexts Human beings constantly make ethical decisions concerning their relationship with the environment. Such decisions raise complex questions: Should environmental research be constrained by ethical considerations, or is the pursuit of knowledge inherently valuable? What obligations do humans bear toward future generations? Is it ever…

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  • ESS 6.2.3 [AHL] Further about the Impacts of Climate Change

    ESS 6.2.3 [AHL] Further about the Impacts of Climate Change

    Learning Objectives Abstract Global climate models (GCMs) are sophisticated computational tools that simulate the Earth’s climate system by manipulating input variables and applying mathematical equations to represent the physical processes and interactions that drive climate dynamics. The reliability of these models is commonly evaluated through hindcasting, a method that compares simulated outputs with historical climate…

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  • ESS 6.2.2 Impacts of Climate Change

    ESS 6.2.2 Impacts of Climate Change

    Learning Objectives Climate Change and Carbon Cycles Anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) have intensified the natural greenhouse effect. Human activities have introduced substantial quantities of carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O) into the atmosphere, alongside smaller amounts of other GHGs, contributing to global warming and climate change. In the absence of…

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  • ESS HL.b.3 Ecological Economics

    ESS HL.b.3 Ecological Economics

    Learning objectives Ecological Economics Unlike environmental economics, which builds on traditional economic theory, ecological economics is transdisciplinary and studies the interdependence of human economies and natural ecosystems across both space and time. While both fields value ecosystem services, ecological economics places even stronger emphasis on their importance. It focuses on: All these dimensions contribute to…

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  • ESS 6.1.3 [AHL] Dynamic Earth’s Atmosphere

    ESS 6.1.3 [AHL] Dynamic Earth’s Atmosphere

    Learning Objectives Even when the Earth is conceptualized as a closed system, its atmosphere is influenced by a wide range of factors, including: hysical ProcessesAtmospheric physical processes encompass air circulation and the greenhouse effect. Variations in air pressure represent the fundamental driver of atmospheric motion. Beyond pressure gradient forces, wind and ocean current dynamics are…

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  • ESS 6.2.1 Evidence & Causes of Climate Change

    ESS 6.2.1 Evidence & Causes of Climate Change

    Learning Objectives Abstract Climate is shaped by atmospheric physical processes, yet anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions have driven a significant rise in atmospheric concentrations, with emission rates accelerating notably since 1950. Proxy records such as ice cores, tree rings, and sediments demonstrate a positive correlation between CO₂ levels and global temperatures, evidencing the enhanced greenhouse effect…

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