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Category: B1 Carbohydrates, Lipids and Proteins

  • Biology B1.2.2 [AHL] Proteins Structures

    Biology B1.2.2 [AHL] Proteins Structures

    Learning Objectives Part 1: The R Group of Amino Acids The 20 amino acids used by ribosomes to form polypeptides vary significantly in the chemical nature of their R-groups. When amino acids link into a polypeptide, their amine and carboxyl groups form peptide bonds, leaving a free amine group (–NH₂) at one end and a…

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  • Biology B1.2.1 Proteins

    Biology B1.2.1 Proteins

    Learning Objectives Abstract:The diversity in protein form and function is fundamentally linked to the amino acid sequence of their polypeptides. The 20 chemically diverse amino acids can be arranged in countless sequences, analogous to letters forming words, though only a fraction of possible sequences occur in nature. The specific sequence of amino acids determines a…

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  • Biology B1.1.3 Lipids and Phospholipids

    Biology B1.1.3 Lipids and Phospholipids

    Learning Objectives Part 1: Hydrophobic Properties Properties and Types Lipids are a diverse group of substances found in living organisms. They dissolve in non-polar solvents such as ethanol, toluene, and propanone (acetone). They are sparingly soluble in water-based (aqueous) solvents, making them hydrophobic. However, lipids are not repelled by water; they are simply more attracted…

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  • Biology B1.1.2 Carbohydrates

    Biology B1.1.2 Carbohydrates

    Learning Objectives Part 1: Structures Roles of Monosaccharides There are two type of glucose: alpha and beta. When becomes polymer, they form different structures Part 2: Polysaccharides 1. Polysaccharides as Energy Storage: Advantages of Starch & Glycogen: 2. Cellulose Part 3: Glycoproteins Role of Glycoproteins in Cell–Cell Recognition ABO Glycoproteins & Blood Transfusion

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  • Biology B1.1.1 Biological Macromolecules

    Biology B1.1.1 Biological Macromolecules

    Learning Objectives Part 1: Roles of Carbon in Biological Systems Part 2: Summary of macromolecules Part 3: Condensation and Hydrolysis The making of large polymers often requires condensation reaction. The breaking down of the large polymers would be the reverse of condensation reaction and this is called hydrolysis. Both ways usually require enzymes or other…

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