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Category: HL Lenses

  • ESS HL.c.2 Traditional Approaches to Ethics

    ESS HL.c.2 Traditional Approaches to Ethics

    Learning objectives Three Approaches to Traditional Ethics Traditional ethical theory is generally divided into three major frameworks for ethical decision-making: 1. Virtue Ethics 2. Consequentialist Ethics 3. Rights-Based (Deontological) Ethics The “Appeal to Nature” Fallacy The appeal to nature is a logical fallacy that arises when something is deemed morally good or desirable solely because…

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  • ESS HL.c.1 Framework of Environmental Ethics

    ESS HL.c.1 Framework of Environmental Ethics

    Learning objectives Ethics and Environmental Ethics Ethical Decision-Making in Environmental Contexts Human beings constantly make ethical decisions concerning their relationship with the environment. Such decisions raise complex questions: Should environmental research be constrained by ethical considerations, or is the pursuit of knowledge inherently valuable? What obligations do humans bear toward future generations? Is it ever…

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  • ESS HL.b.3 Ecological Economics

    ESS HL.b.3 Ecological Economics

    Learning objectives Ecological Economics Unlike environmental economics, which builds on traditional economic theory, ecological economics is transdisciplinary and studies the interdependence of human economies and natural ecosystems across both space and time. While both fields value ecosystem services, ecological economics places even stronger emphasis on their importance. It focuses on: All these dimensions contribute to…

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  • ESS HL.b.1 Introduction to The Environmental Economics

    ESS HL.b.1 Introduction to The Environmental Economics

    Learning objectives The Concepts Environmental Economics What is Environmental Economics? Perspectives in Environmental Economics Activity 1 Discussing Perspectives in Environmental Economics The Scope in Environmental Economics Environmental economics addresses several key questions: Connection between economics and environmental economics Economic growth often produces negative effects on environmental welfare. The use of resources and the production of…

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  • ESS HL.b.2 [Case Study] Lithium-Ion Battery in Cars

    ESS HL.b.2 [Case Study] Lithium-Ion Battery in Cars

    Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in portable electronics and electric vehicles due to their high energy density and long cycle life (Wang et al., 2023). However, their performance declines significantly at sub-zero temperatures, where sluggish ion transport at the graphite anode reduces charge storage capacity and leads to rapid energy loss (Zhang et al., 2021).…

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  • ESS HL.a.4 [Case Study] CITES List for African Elephants

    ESS HL.a.4 [Case Study] CITES List for African Elephants

    Learning objectives CITES and the Regulation of African Elephants The African elephant (Loxodonta africana) was formally listed in Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) in 1989. Appendix I encompasses species that are threatened with extinction, where international trade is permitted only under exceptional circumstances…

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  • ESS HL.a.3 International Environmental Law

    ESS HL.a.3 International Environmental Law

    Learning objectives International Environmental Law Framework Because the causes, impacts, and solutions to climate change cross national borders, environmental law often requires international cooperation. One of the earliest global summits on environmental issues was held by the UN in 1972. Since then, governments, NGOs, human rights groups, and international organisations have developed frameworks, treaties, and…

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  • ESS HL.a.2 Transboundary Environmental Agreements

    ESS HL.a.2 Transboundary Environmental Agreements

    Learning objectives Transboundary Environmental Issues and Regional Agreements Environmental challenges often transcend national borders, necessitating cooperative and transboundary solutions. International agreements addressing these challenges generally fall into two categories: (1) those targeting transboundary pollution, such as the Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution (AATHP), and (2) those focused on transboundary…

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  • ESS HL.a.1 Introduction to The Environmental Law

    ESS HL.a.1 Introduction to The Environmental Law

    Learning objectives Part 1: The Need for Law Environmental law governs the relationship between human activities and the natural environment. It is designed to address a wide range of issues, including: Its primary purpose is to prevent and reduce the harmful effects of human actions on the environment. This is achieved by establishing rules and regulations…

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