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Category: Topic 8 Human Populations and Urban Systems

  • ESS 8.1.3 [AHL] Biocapacity and Environmental Migration

    ESS 8.1.3 [AHL] Biocapacity and Environmental Migration

    Learning Objectives Rapid human population growth has increased stress on the Earth’s systems The increasing pressure exerted on Earth’s systems as a result of rapid human population growth is closely linked to biocapacity disparities and to the transgression of both social foundations and planetary boundaries within the Doughnut Economics framework. The principal drivers of population…

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  • ESS 8.1.2 Population Pyramids and DTM

    ESS 8.1.2 Population Pyramids and DTM

    Learning Objectives Direct Policies in Managing Human Population Population and migration policies may be employed to directly manage rates of human population growth. Such policies may be anti-natalist or pro-natalist, explicitly targeting birth rates, or they may focus on regulating immigration and emigration. A wide range of cultural, religious, economic, social, and political factors may…

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  • ESS 8.1.1 Human Population Growth

    ESS 8.1.1 Human Population Growth

    Learning Objectives Demographic Indicators and Population Dynamics Demographic Indicators Various quantitative indicators are employed to evaluate human populations. The human population may be conceptualised as a system which, like all systems, is characterised by inputs and outputs. Inputs to the system include fertility, birth rates, and migration. The fertility rate is defined as the number…

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  • ESS 8.3.3 Management of Urban Air Pollution

    ESS 8.3.3 Management of Urban Air Pollution

    Learning Objectives General Management Strategies A range of management and intervention strategies can be employed to mitigate urban air pollution at different scales. These strategies may target various sources of pollution and are associated with distinct advantages and limitations. Broadly, air pollution management can be approached in two principal ways: modifying the human activities that…

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  • ESS 8.3.2 Acid Deposition

    ESS 8.3.2 Acid Deposition

    Learning Objectives What is Acid Deposition? Acid Deposition Acid deposition, commonly known as acid rain, refers to all forms of precipitation that contain acidic components such as sulfuric or nitric acid. It encompasses two main forms: Acidity and the pH Scale Acids are chemical substances capable of releasing hydrogen ions (H⁺) in solution. Acidity is…

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  • ESS 8.3.1 Urban Air Pollution

    ESS 8.3.1 Urban Air Pollution

    Learning Objectives Facts About Air Pollution Air pollution refers to the contamination of indoor or outdoor environments by chemical, physical, or biological agents that alter the natural composition of the atmosphere. A major component of air pollution is particulate matter (PM), consisting of extremely small solid or liquid particles suspended in the air. Pollutants originate…

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  • ESS 8.3.4 [AHL] Photochemical Smogs and Tropospheric Ozone

    ESS 8.3.4 [AHL] Photochemical Smogs and Tropospheric Ozone

    Learning Objectives Photochemical Smog Photochemical smog is a brownish atmospheric haze frequently observed in urban environments. It forms when ozone, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) derived from the combustion of fossil fuels undergo photochemical reactions in sunlight, producing a toxic mixture that includes ozone, nitric acid, aldehydes, and peroxyacyl nitrates (PANs). Although primarily…

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